Penjelasan Degrees of Comparison dalam Bahasa
Inggris dan Contoh Kalimat
Menurut Oxford Dictionary, Degree of comparison
is the grammar made from adjective and adverb to compare something. Dengan kata
lain, degree of comparison adalah bentuk
kata sifat (adjective) ataupun kata keterangan (adverb) untuk menyatakan sebuah
perbandingan.
Degree of comparison sendiri dibagi menjadi tiga,
yaitu positive, comparative dan juga superlative, ketiganya sama-sama berfungsi
sebagai sesuatu yang digunakan untuk membadingkan. Berikut penjelasan
lengkapnya.
1.
Positive Degree
Digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat perbandingan,
namun tidak ada perubahan pada kata sifat (adjective) ataupun kata keterangan
nya (adverb), positive degree menggunakan ‘AS’ sebagai tingkat perbandinganya.
Contoh :
This task is as difficult as the examination
(test ini sama susahnya dengan ujian)
cooking is as easy as washing the plate (memasak
itu sama mudahnya dengan mencuci piring)
my sister is as beautiful as you (adik ku sama
cantiknya dengan mu)
this internet is as slow as yours (internet ini
sama lambatnya seperti milik mu)
Billgate is as rich as Einstein (Billgate sama
kayanya dengan einstein)
my room is as clear as yours (ruangan ku sama
bersihnya seperti milikmu)
she is as smart as Rinda (dia sama pintarnya
dengan Rinda)
My mother is as patient as me (ibuku sama
sabarnya dengan ku)
2. Comparative Degree
Comparative digunakan untuk menyatakan
perbandingan, dimana kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb)
mengalami perubahan. Apabila adjective atau adverb tersebut terdiri dari 1 suku
kata seperti smart, big, low maka di tambah dengan ‘er’ jika lebih dari 1 suku
kata seperti handsome, beautiful, expensive maka di tambah dengan ‘More’, lalu
setiap perbandingan di tambah dengan ‘than’ yang berarti ‘daripada’.
Contoh :
This girl is more beautiful than you (gadis ini
lebih cantik dari pada kamu)
my little boy is more handsome than my darling
(adik ku lebih tampan daripada pacarku)
Dinda is taller than Bayu (Dinda lebih tinggi
daripada Bayu)
my handphone is smaller than yours (Hp ku lebih
kecil daripada milik mu)
This student is smarter than me (murid ini lebih
pandai dari pada aku)
Iron is cheaper than gold (bei lebih murah dari
pada emas)
my handphone is more expensive than my laptop (hp
ku lebih mahal daripada laptopku)
this current budget is lower than before
(keuangan sekarang lebih rendah daripada sebelumnya)
3. Superlative
Degree
Superlative digunakan untuk menyatakan
perbandingan, dimana kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb)
mengalami perubahan. Apabila adjective atau adverb tersebut terdiri dari 1 suku
kata seperti smart, big, low maka di tambah dengan ‘est’ jika lebih dari 1 suku
kata seperti handsome, beautiful, expensive maka di tambah dengan ‘Most’,
superlative ini digunakan untuk membandingkan minimal 3 hal atau lebih dan
selalu di awali dengan kata ‘the’.
Contoh :
This girl is the most beautiful students in the
class (gadis ini adalah siswa tercantik di kelas)
My home is the smallest one in the village
(rumahku adalah yang paling kecil di desa)
Love is the most expensive thing in the world
(Cinta adalah hal yang paling mahal di dunia)
My father is the most handsome man in the world
(ayahku adalah laki-laki tertampan di dunia)
my mother is the most patient woman in the world
(ibuku adalah wanita paling sabar di dunia)
This car is the biggest one in the parking area
(mobil ini merupakan yang paling besar di tempat parkir)
Macam, Aturan, dan Contoh Kalimat Degrees of
Comparison
Positive Degree
Ketika digunakan untuk menyatakan perbandingan,
positive degree harus digunakan bersama kata as. Positive degree memiliki
bentuk standar tanpa perubahan: big, carefully, difficult, easy, rich, etc.
Contoh Kalimat Positive Degree:
The task is not as difficult as you imagine.
(adjective)
He drives as carefully as my father in the
residential area. (adverb)
Comparative Degree
degree of comparisonComparative adjective dan
comparative adverb digunakan untuk membandingkan dua hal. Kebanyakannya
adjective atau adverb satu suku kata ditambahkan akhiran -er, sedangkan dua
suku kata atau lebih diawali dengan kata more. Khusus untuk dua suku kata
adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan
-ier. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, degree of comparison ini biasanya
ditemani kata than.
Superlative Degree
Baik superlative adjective maupun superlative
adverb berfungsi untuk membandingankan tiga atau lebih hal. Mayoritas satu suku
katanya ditambahkan akhiran -est, sedangkan lebih dari satu suku kata diawali
dengan kata most. Adapun untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y,
akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -iest. Ketika berada di dalam
kalimat, superlative degree diawali dengan kata the.
Ketentuan:
Kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata
ditambahkan ‘-er’ pada tingkat comparative dan ‘-est’ pada tingkat superlative.
Contoh :
– Tall – taller (comparative) – tallest
(superlative)
– Fast – faster (comparative) – fastest
(superlative)
– Cheap – cheaper (comparative) – cheapest
(superlative)
Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf konsonan dan
didahului huruf vocal, maka harus digandakan.
Contoh :
– Fat – fatter (comparative) – fattest
(superlative)
– Big – bigger (comparative) – biggest
(superlative)
– Thin – thinner (comparative) – thinnest
(superlative)
Kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua dan berakhiran
‘-y’ yang didahului huruf konsonan, maka harus diubah menjadi ‘i’ kemudian
ditambahkan ‘-er’ atau ‘-est’.
Contoh :
– Dirty – dirtier (comparative) – dirtiest
(superlative)
– Busy – busier (comparative) – busiest
(superlative)
– Lazy – lazier (comparative) – laziest
(superlative)
Kata sifat yang berakhiran ‘-ful’ dan ‘less’,
ditambahkan more untuk tingkat comparative dan most untuk tingkat superlative.
Contoh :
– Colorful – more colorful (comparative) – most
colorful (superlative)
– Beautiful – more beautiful (comparative) – most
beautiful (superlative)
– Careless – more careless (comparative) – most
careless (superlative)
Kata sifat yang terdiri lebih dari dua suku kata,
ditambahkan more untuk tingkat comparative dan most untuk tingkat superlative.
Contoh :
– Expensive – more expensive (comparative) – most
expensive (superlative)
– Popular – more popular (comparative) – most
popular (superlative)
– Diligent – more diligent (comparative) – most
diligent (superlative)
Kata sifat comparative dan supperlatif bentuk
tidak beraturan (Irregular)
Contoh :
– Bad – worse (comparative) – worst (superlative)
– Good – better (comparative) – best
(superlative)
– Little – less (comparative) – least
(superlative)
– Much/many (comparative) – more – most
(superlative)
Latihan Soal Degrees Comparison Lengkap Dengan
Kunci Jawaban
A buffalo is … than a cat. (big)
Lisa is the… girl in my school. (beautiful)
Your T-shirt is … than mine. (colorful)
My shoes are the …. in my class. (clean)
Andika and Andini buy the … car in the
supermarket. (expensive)
Key answers:
Bigger
Most beautiful
More colorful
Cleanest
Most expensive
9
Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris (8W + 1H)
Kata
tanya (question words) dalam bahasa Inggris terdiri dari 9 buah yaitu
what, where, when, which, why, whose, who, whom, dan how. Oleh karena itu, kata
tanya ini lazim disebut 8W + 1H.
Kalimat
yang dibentuk dari kata-kata tanya tersebut umumnya disebut WH
questions. Bagi banyak orang, membentuk WH questions tidaklah
mudah dan sering membingungkan. Namun, jangan khawatir, di bawah ini ada cara
mudahnya.
Yang
perlu Anda ingat dalam membentuk WH questions adalah:
1. Bentuk waktu (tense)
2. Memiliki main verb atau tidak? Jika memiliki
main verb, gunakan formulaQASM (Question word, Auxiliary verb, Subject, Main verb)
3. Disertai keterangan atau tidak?
Untuk
lebih jelasnya, silakan lihat tabel di bawah ini.
1. What (Apa)
What digunakan
untuk menanyakan benda atau hal. Contoh kalimat tanya yang menggunakan kata
what bisa Anda lihat di bawah ini.
§ What is your
mother’s name? [Siapa nama ibumu?]
§ What does Sarah
think about your project? [Apa yang Sarah pikirkan tentang proyek Anda?]
§ What did Sarah eat
yesterday? [Apa yang Sarah makan kemarin?]
§ What was Sarah
doing when you called? [Apa yang Sarah lakukan ketika Anda menelpon?]
§ What have they been
doing all day? [Apa yang telah mereka lakukan sepanjang hari?]
§ What will Sarah
think about your project? [Apa yang akan Sarah pikirkan tentang proyek Anda?]
Anda juga bisa
meletakkan kata benda yang Anda ingin tanyakan setelah what. Contohnya adalah:
§ What kind of cat do
you have? [Kucing macam apa yang Anda punya?]
§ What car did Wawan
buy last week? [Mobil apa yang dibeli Wawan minggu lalu?]
§ What movie did
Sarah see last night? [Film apa yang Sarah tonton tadi malam?]
Selain itu, Anda
bisa juga meletakkan kata kerja setelah what. Berikut adalah contoh kalimatnya:
§ What makes your
blog unique? [Apa yang membuat blogmu unik?]
§ What makes us
happy? [Apa yang membuat kita bahagia?]
§ What annoys you the
most at work? [Apa yang paling membuatmu jengkel di tempat kerja?]
2. Where (Di
mana, Ke mana, Dari mana)
Where digunakan
untuk menanyakan tempat. Lihat contoh penggunaannya dalam kalimat-kalimat di
bawah ini:
§ Where do you work?
[Di mana Anda bekerja?]
§ Where do they live?
[Di mana mereka tinggal?]
§ Where are my shoes?
[Di mana sepatu saya?]
§ Where are you
going? [Ke mana Anda akan pergi?]
§ Where do we go now?
[Ke mana kita akan pergi sekarang?]
§ Where did you buy
that T-shirt? [Di mana Anda membeli T-shirt itu?]
§ Where have you
been? [Sudah dari mana Anda?]
3. When (Kapan)
When digunakan
untuk menanyakan waktu. Contoh kalimatnya:
§ When is your
birthday? [Kapan ulang tahun Anda?]
§ When do the shop
open? [Kapan toko itu buka?]
§ When did that
happen? [Kapan itu terjadi?]
§ When did you live
in New York? [Kapan Anda tinggal di New York?]
§ When will they
arrive? [Kapan mereka akan tiba?]
4. Which (Yang
mana)
Which digunakan
untuk menanyakan pilihan. Contohnya:
§ Which car do you
want to buy? [Mobil yang mana yang ingin Anda beli?]
§ Which flavour of
ice cream would you like? [Rasa es krim yang mana yang Anda sukai?]
§ Which route do we
should take? [Rute yang mana yang harus kami lalui?]
§ Which drink did you
order? [Minuman yang mana yang Anda pesan?]
5. Why
(Mengapa, Kenapa)
Why digunakan untuk
menanyakan alasan. Contoh kalimatnya adalah:
§ Why do you love me?
[Mengapa Anda mencintai saya?]
§ Why do we need a
nanny? [Mengapa kita memerlukan seorang pengasuh?]
§ Why does the food
smell bad? [Mengapa makanan itu bau?]
§ Why is he ignoring
me? [Mengapa dia mengabaikan saya?]
§ Why are they always
late? [Mengapa mereka selalu terlambat?]
§ Why did she stop
writing? [Mengapa dia berhenti menulis?]
§ Why did you do
that? [Kenapa Anda melakukan itu?]
§ Why did you not go
for work today? [Mengapa Anda tidak pergi kerja hari ini?]
6. Whose (Punya
siapa)
Whose digunakan
untuk menanyakan kepemilikan. Contoh kalimatnya:
§ Whose car is this?
[Mobil siapa ini?]
§ Whose laptop did he
steal? [Laptop siapa yang dia curi?]
§ Whose place are you
staying at? [Tempat siapa yang sedang Anda tinggali?]
7. Who (Siapa,
sebagai subjek)
Who digunakan untuk
menanyakan orang (sebagai subjek). Contoh kalimatnya bisa Anda lihat di bawah
ini:
§ Who is that? [Siapa
itu?]
§ Who is going to
come with Messi? [Siapa yang akan datang dengan Messi?]
§ Who is she dating
now? [Siapa yang sedang dia kencani sekarang?]
§ Who can help me
bring this table? [Siapa yang bisa membantu saya membawa meja ini?]
§ Who were you
calling? [Siapa yang sedang Anda telepon?
§ Who will you invite
to the party? [Siapa yang akan Anda undang ke pesta?]
Selain itu, who
juga bisa langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja. Perhatikan contoh-contohnya di
bawah ini:
§ Who wants to eat?
[Siapa yang mau makan?]
§ Who cares? [Siapa
yang peduli?]
§ Who won the match?
[Siapa yang memenangkan pertandingan?]
§ Who wrote the Harry
Potter? [Siapa yang menulis Harry Potter?]
8. Whom (Siapa,
sebagai objek)
Berbeda dengan who,
whom digunakan untuk menanyakan orang sebagai objek. Contoh kalimatnya adalah:
§ Whom are you
talking about? [Siapa yang sedang Anda bicarakan?]
§ Whom did you
interview yesterday? [Siapa yang Anda wawancarai kemarin?]
Perbedaan Who
dengan Whom
Who
Question: Who will
carry the table? (Siapa yang akan membawa meja ini?]
Answer: Parto will
carry the table. [Parto akan membawa meja ini. (Parto di sini sebagai subjek)]
Whom
Question: Whom did
you see? (Siapa yang Anda lihat?]
Answer: I saw
Parto. [Saya melihat Parto. (Parto di sini sebagai objek)]
9. How
(Bagaimana, Berapa, Seberapa)
How biasanya
digunakan untuk menanyakan cara, kondisi/kualitas, kabar/kesehatan seseorang,
jumlah (yang dapat dan tidak dapat dihitung), usia,
jarak, durasi, dan frekuensi. Contoh kalimatnya:
§ How does the
washing machine work? [Bagaimana cara kerja mesin cuci?]
§ How was your exam?
[Bagaimana ujian Anda?]
§ How are you
[Bagaimana kabar Anda?]
§ How many children
does Parto have? [Berapa banyak anak yang Parto miliki?]
§ How much money have
you spent this month? [Berapa banyak uang yang telah Anda habiskan bulan ini?]
§ How old are you?
[Berapa usia Anda?]
§ How far is Bali
from Jakarta? [Seberapa jauh Bali dari Jakarta?]
§ How long can you
go? [Berapa lama Anda bisa pergi?]
§ How often do you
visit your grandmother? [Seberapa sering Anda mengunjungi nenek Anda?]
WHAT
What digunakan ketika kita ingin
mengetahui informasi mengenai suatu hal. What biasa diartikan sebagai ‘apa’seperti dalam beberapa
contoh kalimat berikut:What did
you do in the park last night?
Apa yang kamu lakukan di taman tadi malam?
What would
you like for breakfast?
Apa yang kamu suka untuk sarapan?
What juga bisa diartikan ‘siapa
atau berapa’ dalam kondisi
tertentu, misalnya:
What is
your name?
Siapa nama kamu?
What time
is it?
jam berapa sekarang?
What is
your number?
Berapa nomor telepon kamu?
WHEN
When dapat diartikan sebagai ‘kapan’ dan biasa digunaan untuk
menanyakan hal yang berhubungan dengan waktu, seperti:
When will you come to my
house?
kapan kamu akan datang ke rumah saya?When did the accident happen?
kapan kecelakaan itu terjadi?
When do
you arrive?
kapan kamu sampai?
WHERE
Where diartikan sebagai ‘dimana/kemana’. Question word ini seringkali digunakan
ketika kita ingin menanyakan informasi yang berhubungan dengan tempat, lokasi,
atau posisi. Seperti pada beberapa kalimat berikut ini:Wheredid
you put the key?
Dimana kamu menaruh kuncinya?
Where are
you going?
kemana kamu akan pergi?
Where do
you live?
Dimana kamu tinggal?
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WHO
Who dapat diartikan menjadi ‘siapa‘. Digunakan untuk
menanyakan identitas, atau orang. Misalnya:Who are you?
Siapa kamu?
Who is
that boy?
Siapa bocah itu?
Who left
the door open?
Siapa yang membiarkan pintu terbuka?
WHOSE
Whose digunakan untuk menanyakan
kepemilikan. Contohnya:Whose car
is that?
Mobil milik siapa itu?
Whose house
is across from yours?
Rumah milik siapa yang ada di seberang rumahmu?
Whose friend
is that girl?
Teman siapakah gadis itu?
WHICH
Which dapat diartikan sebagai ‘yang mana’ dan digunakan untuk menanyakan sebuah
pilihan, seperti:Whichshoes do you like?
Sepatu yang mana yang kamu suka?
Which of
the two fottball players is better?
Yang mana diantara dua pemain sepak bola itu yang lebih baik?
Which one
will you choose?
Yang mana yang akan kamu pilih?
WHY
Memiliki arti ‘mengapa’. Question word ini
digunakan untuk menanyakan sebuah alasan. Contohnya:Why do you love me?
Mengapa kamu mencintai saya?
Why did
Boby not go to school today?
Mengapa Boby tidak pergi ke sekolah hari ini?
Why does
the cake smell bad?
Mengapa kue ini berbau tak sedap?
HOW
How dapat diartikan menjadi
‘bagaimana’. Ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kondisi, cara, kualitas, dsb.
Seperti pada beberapa kalimat berikut:How was the movie?
Bagaimana film nya?
How are
you?
Bagaimana kabar mu?
How does
it work?
Bagaimana cara kerjanya?
penjelasan passive
voice , conditional sentenses , adjective clause
1). Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat
dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive
voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat.
Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan
dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di
surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan
ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan
informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
Active
: We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every
6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
· Object
dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
· Subject
dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa
terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
· Verb1 (fertilize)
pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
· Ditambahkannya
be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject
passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di
bawah).
· Ditambahkannya
kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap
tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan
begitu pula kata ‘by’.
· Khusus
untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past
future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan
verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan
progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h –
o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive
voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object +
modifier
|
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple
present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is,
am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant
every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her
every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple
past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah wasatau were
Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant
this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her
this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang diletakkan
setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has
been’ atau‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this
plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by
her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah beenyang diletakkan
setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I
came.
Passive : They had been met by
him before I came.
Active : She had watered this
plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had
been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple
future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
Active : He will meet them
tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by
him tomorrow.
Active : She will water this
plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will
be watered by her this afternoon.
Active : The farmers are going to
harvest the crops next week
Passive : The crops are going to
be harvested by the farmers next week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahbeen yang diletakkan
setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He will have met them
before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met
by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this
plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have
been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past
future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have
been’.
Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have
been met by him.
Active : She would have watered
this plant.
Passive : This plant would have
been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is,
am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met
by him now.
Active : She is watering this
plant now.
Passive : This plant is
being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were)
+ being.
Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met
by him.
Active : She was watering this
plant.
Passive : This plant was
being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting
them.
Passive : They have been
being met by him.
Active : She has been watering
this plant.
Passive : This plant has been
being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past
perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been +
being.
Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting
them.
Passive : They had been
being met by him.
Active : She had been watering
this plant.
Passive : This plant had been
being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwill be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be
being met by him.
Active : She will be watering
this plant.
Passive : This plant will be
being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past
future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be +
being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting
them.
Passive : They would be
being met by him.
Active : She would be watering
this plant.
Passive : This plant would be
being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future
perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have
been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will have been
meeting them.
Passive : They will have been
being met by him.
Active : She will have been
watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been
being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past
future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would
have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting
them.
Passive : They would be
being met by him.
Active : She would be watering
this plant.
Passive : This plant would be
being watered by her.
2). Conditional sentences
· Conditional
sentenses (Type 1)\
conditional sentences (kalimat pengandaian).
Conditional sentences terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu subordinate clause
(if-clause) yang merupakan pernyataan syarat dan main clause yang merupakan
akibat terpenuhi atau tidaknya syarat yang terkandung dalam subordinate clause.
Conditional sentences ada tiga jenis. Berikut ini akan kita bahas satu-persatu
:
if clause : simple present tense
main clause : simple future tense
Pada tipe 1 ini suatu tindakan dalam main clause akan terjadi bila syarat dalam
if-clause terpenuhi.
Example :
If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new car.
· Conditional
Sentences (Type 2)
if clause : simple past tense
main clause : past future tense (S + would + V1)
Tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan/keadaan yang berlawanan/
bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada saat ini. Sebenarnya syarat dalam if-clause
bisa saja terpenuhi, tetapi kemungkinannya sangat kecil.
Example :
If you studied hard, you would pass the exam.
(Real fact : You don’t study hard.)
· Conditional
sentence type 3
if clause : past perfect tense (S + had + V3)
main clause : past future perfect (S + would have + V3)
Conditional sentence type 3 ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu syarat yang
tidak mungkin lagi dipenuhi karena waktunya telah berlalu. Dengan kata lain,
kenyataan bertentangan/berlawanan dengan keadaan di masa lampau.
Example :
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
(Real fact : I didn’t study hard, so I didn’t pass the exam.
Atau, I didn’t pass the exam because I didn’t study hard.)
Ø Passive Voice (Kalimat
Pasif) adalah kalimat yang subject-nya dikenai suatu pekerjaan atau
menderita suatu. Dengan kata lain subject kalimat tersebut menjadi
sasaran kegiatan yang dinyatakan oleh kata kerja. Dalam bahasa indonesia
ciri-ciri kalimat pasif adalah kata kerjanya yang berawalan
dengan“di-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ter-“ (tergantung
pada konteks kalimat).
Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) adalah kalimat
yang subject-nya berbuat sesuatau atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Dalam
bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat aktif adalah kata kerjanya selalu
berawalan “me-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ber-“.
Bentuk dari Passive Voice (kalimat
pasif) adalah : TO BE / BE + VERB 3
Dalam bentuk kalimat pasif, biasanya diikuti
dengan frase “by”.
Contoh Passive Voice (Kalimat Passive)
ACTIVE: Jane helps Tina. (Artinya:
Jane menolong Tina)
PASSIVE: Tina is
helped by Jane. (Artinya: Tina ditolong oleh Jane)
Pada kalimat pasif, Object dari
kalimat aktif (Tina) berubah menjadi Subject.
|
Merubah Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) ke dalam
bentuk Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)
ACTIVE-PASSIVE SENTENCE, RELATIVE/ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES, AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
1. Active
Sentence
In active sentences, the thing doing the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the
object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing
receiving action]
Examples:
1. Once
a week, Tom cleans the house.
2. Right
now, Sarah is writing the letter.
3. Sam repaired the
car.
4. The
salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.
5. Many
tourists have visited that castle.
2. Passive
Sentence
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is
optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form
if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be
emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing
the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past
participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
1. Once
a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
2. Right
now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
3. The
car was repaired by Sam.
4. The
customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into
the store.
5. That
castle has been visited by many tourists.
B. RELATIVE
CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause is used to describe a
noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause. An
adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause will meet three
requirements:
1. First,
it will contain a subject and verb.
2. Next,
it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a
relative adverb [when, where, or why].
3. Finally,
it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many?
or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these
two patterns:
1. Relative
Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb
2. Relative
Pronoun as Subject + Verb
Here are some examples:
1. Whose big,
brown eyes pleaded for another cookie ( Relative clauses )
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject;
pleaded = verb.
2. Why Fred cannot
stand sitting across from his sister Melanie ( Relative clauses )
Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can
stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
3. That bounced across
the kitchen floor ( Relative clauses )
That = relative pronoun functioning as
subject; bounced = verb.
4. Who hiccupped for
seven hours afterward ( Relative clauses )
Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject;
hiccupped = verb.
C. CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about
what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In
English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many
conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of
the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because
we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that
happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause
and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an
equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of
"if".
Type of Conditional Sentences :
1. THE
ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for when the time
being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The
zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both
parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the
word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when"
without changing the meaning.
Examples :
If
clause
Main Clause
If + simple present
simple present
1. If
this thing happens
that
thing happens.
2. If
you heat ice
it melts.
3. If
it rains
the grass gets wet.
4. If
we burn paper
it becomes ash.
5. If
babies are hungry
they cry
2. TYPE
1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the
present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to
a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause
is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
If
clause
Main Clause
If + simple present
simple future
1. If
this thing happens
that
thing will happen.
2. If
you don't hurry
you will miss the train.
3. If
it rains today
you will get wet.
4. If
I meet him
I will introduce myself.
5. If
you don't hurry
you will miss the bus.
3. TYPE
2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences
are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional
sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the
present conditional.
Examples :
If
clause
Main clause
If + simple past
present
conditional or present continuous conditional
1. If
this thing happened
that thing would
happen
2. If
you went to bed earlier
you would not be so tired.
3. it
rained
you would get wet.
4. If
I spoke Italian
I would be working in Italy.
5. If
it rained tomorrow
I would
sleep all day.
4. TYPE
3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a
time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The
facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3
conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past
result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect,
and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Examples :
If
clause
Main clause
If + past
perfect
perfect
conditional or perfect continuous conditional
1. If
this thing had happened
that thing would have
happened.
2. If
you had studied harder
you
would have passed the exam.
3. If
it had rained
you would have gotten wet.
4. If
I had accepted that promotion
I would have been working in Milan.
5. If
you had to invite me
I would
have attended your party.
ACTIVE-PASSIVE SENTENCE, RELATIVE/ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES, AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
A. ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE SENTENCE
1. Active
Sentence
In active sentences, the thing doing the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the
object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing
receiving action]
Examples:
1. Tina is
reading the book
2. We
celebrate school annyversary every year
3. Forest
burning has produced a lot of pollution
4. The
students will play basket ball
5. The
school provided rubbish bin two months ago
2. Passive
Sentence
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the
action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is
optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form
if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be
emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing
the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past
participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:
1. The book
is being read by Tina
2. The
school annyversary is celebrated every year
3. A lot of
pollution has been produced by forest burning.
4. The
basketball will be played by the students
5. The
rubbish bin was provided by the school two months ago
B. RELATIVE
CLAUSES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause is used to describe a
noun. A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause. An
adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause will meet three
requirements:
1. First,
it will contain a subject and verb.
2. Next,
it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or
a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
3. Finally,
it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many?
or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these
two patterns:
1. Relative
Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb
2. Relative
Pronoun as Subject + Verb
Here are some examples:
1. The
book (which) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
2. I
will introduce you to a friend (that) you have never met before.
3. The
old lady has a painting (whose) value is inestimable.
4. The
old lady has sold the house (where) she has lived for more than twenty years.
5. I
will introduce you to a friend (who) runs a successful business
C. CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about
what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In
English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many
conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of
the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past"
because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that
happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional
sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause
and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an
equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of
"if".
Type of Conditional Sentences :
1. THE
ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for when the time
being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The
zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both
parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the
word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when"
without changing the meaning.
Formula :
· If
+ simple present tense, simple future tense.
If + Subject + verb-1, Subject + will + infinitive
· Simple
future tense, If + simple present tense,
Subject + will + infinitive, If + Subject + verb-1
Examples :
1. Water
will boil if you heat it at 100 degrees Celsius.
2. Today is
so cool, you will get fever if you don’t wear your jacket.
3. Tree
will grow well if you water it everyday.
4. The
computer will be error if you break it down.
5. The car
will not be able to run if there is no tire.
2. TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the
present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to
a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause
is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Formula : If
+ Subject + will + infinitive, Subject + verb-1
.
Examples :
· She
will arrive here on time if she drive her car by herself.
· If
you don’t come to my birthday party, I will send you an SMS.
· If
you come late again, Mr. Professor will be very angry.
· Today
will be very cool if it rains.
· You
will finish your job if you do it now.
3. TYPE
2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences
are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional
sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the
present conditional.
Formula : If
+ Subject + would + infinitive, Subject + verb-2.
Examples :
· If
you could sell this car soon, I would give you more tips
· Falcao
would be line up of Manchester United FC if Rooney went to another club.
· She
would clean the yard if it did not rain
· We
would not win the game, if we didn’t work together as a team.
· If
I were you, I would not let here go.
.
4. TYPE
3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a
time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The
facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3
conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past
result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect,
and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Formula : If
+ Subject + would + have + Verb-3, Subject + had + verb-3.
Examples :
· If
I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
· If
She had been able to finish her job well, she would have been promoted as a
director.
· If
John had driven his car carefully, we would not have got an accident.
· My
father would have been here, if the flight had not been canceled.
· Linda
would not have arrived at home, if the my father had not picked her up.
Pengertian, Rumus Dan Contoh Conditional Sentence Tipe 1 2 3
Pengertian conditional sentences
Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang mengandaikan suatu keinginan, harapan, rencana, dan Iain-lain yang masih bisa terjadi [possible), sesuatu yang tak terpenuhi/angan-angan (unreal), dan tak ter- wujud (impossible).
Contoh:
- If I work hard, I will have a lot of money. (Jika aku bekerja keras, aku akan memiliki banyak uang)
- If I study English, I will get good score in TOEFL. (Jika aku belajar bahasa Inggris, aku akan mendapatkan nilai yang bagus dalam tes TOEFL)
- If I had a lot of money, I would buy an expensive car. (Jika aku memiliki banyak uang, aku akan menibeli mobil yang mahal)
- If i were you, I would work in that foreign company. (Jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan bekerja di perusahaan asing itu)
- If I had got high score in the national examination, I would have studeid in a state university. (jika aku mendapatkan nilai yang bagus di ujian nasional, aku akan belajar disebuah perguruan tinggi negeri)
- We would have got the ticket if we had come earlier. (Kita akan mendapatkan tiket jika kita datang lebih awal.)
Ketika posisi induk kalimat berada di depan, maka tidak perlu adanya pemisah berupa tanda koma (,) di antara induk dan anak kalimat.
Ketika posisi anak kalimat (if clause) berada di depan, maka digunakan pemisah berupa tanda koma (,).
KINDS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu:
Kalimat pengandaian tipe 1 (type 1)
atau
Contoh:
If I study hard, I will pass the final examination. (jika aku belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh, aku akan lulus dalam ujian akhir)
Keterangan:
> Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentece) tipe 1 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan atau mengandaikan sesuatu yang belum terjadi pada waktu sekarang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi dalam waktu dekat. Kalimat semacam ini menjelaskan untuk menyatakan suatu pola sebab dan akibat.
Kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 (type 2)
Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe 2:
atau
If + subject + were + adjective/noun + Subject + would be + adjective/noun
Contoh:
Rony would buy a new car if he got the job in foreign company. (Rony akan membeli mobil baru jika ia mendapatkan pekerjaan di perusahaan asing)
If I passed the company entrance test, I would treat you a plate of steak. (jika aku lulus dalam tes masuk perusahaan, aku akan mentraktirmu sepiring bistik)
If I were you, I would apply for that scholarship. (jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan melamar untuk beasiswa itu)
Keterangan:
Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) tipe 2 merupakan kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi atau yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu sekarang. Kalimat dengan tipe ini biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu khayalan.
Fakta: fakta yang diungkapkan oleh kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 adalah bahwa saat ini apa yang diandaikan itu tidak terjadi.
Contoh:
Condotional Sentence:
If I had long holiday, I would visit your home. (jika aku libur panjang, aku akan mengunjungi rumahmu)
pengertian dan contoh conditional sentence tipe 1 2 3 terlengkap
Fakta/Fact :
I have not long holiday. (Aku tidak libur panjang)
Conditional Sentence:
If I were you, I would go to that party. (Kalau aku jadi kamu, aku akan pergi ke pesta itu)
Fact:
I am not you. (Aku bukan kamu)
Catatan : were digunakan baik oleh subjek tunggal maupun jamak. Namun. ada kalanya bentuk was digunakan pada subjek (I , he, she, it) ketika digunakan pada percakapan tidak formal.
Misalnya : If I was you. I would accept his invitation.
Kalimat pengandaian tipe 3 (type 3)
Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe 3:
If + subject + had + V3/past perfects + subject + would have + V3/past perfect
atau
if + subject + had been + adjective/noun + subject + would have been + adjective/noun
Contoh:
If I had had enough time, I would have come to your wedding party. (Kalau saja aku punya waktu yang cukup, aku akan datang ke pesta pernikahanmu)
Ifl had worked hard, I would have got the promotion for manager position. (Kalau saja aku bekerja keras, aku akan mendapatkan promosi untuk jabatan manajer)
If I hadn’t gone to the mountain, I wouldn’t have had an accident. (Kalau saja aku tidak pergi ke gunung, aku tidak akan mengalami kecelakaan)
Keterangan:
Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) tipe 3 adalah kalimat yang mengandaikan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi dan tidak terjadi di masa lalu. Tipe kalimat ini biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu penyesalan.
Fakta yang diungkapkan dalam kalimat pengandaian ini adalah bahwa apa yang diandaikan tidak pernah terjadi di masa lalu.
Contoh:
Conditional sentence:
If I had studied English well, I would have got good score in TOEIC. (kalau aku belajar bahasa Inggris dengan baik, aku akan mendapatkan nilai yang baik di TOEIC.
Fact:
I did not study. Therefore, I had bad score in TOEIC. ( Aku tidak belajar. Maka dari itu, aku mendapatkan nilai yang buruk di TOEIC. )
Kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) juga dapat menggunakan bentuk progressive atau continuous jika memang menerangkan proses yang sedang terjadi.
Contoh:
Conditional Sentence:
If I were working in England, I would be living together with my family. (jika aku bekerja di Inggris. aku akan dapat tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)
Fact:
I am not working in England. I am not living together with my family. (Aku tidak bekerja di Inggris. Aku tidak tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)
Conditional Sentence:
If it were not raining right now, I would go to the music concert. (kalau sekarang tidak hujan, aku akan pergi ke konser musik)
Fact:
It is raining right now, so I will not go the music concert. (Sekarang sedang hujan, jadi aku tidak akan pergi ke konser musik)
Conditional sentence:
If I had been working in England last year. I would have been living together with my family. (Kalau aku bekerja di Inggris tahun kemarin, aku pasti tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku).
Fact:
I was not working in England. I was not living together with my family (aku tidak bekerja di Inggris. Aku tidak tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)
Conditional sentence:
If it has not been raining, I would have gone to the music concert. (kalau tidak hujan, aku pasti pergi ke konser musik)
Fact:
It was raining yesterday, so 1 did not go to the music concert. (Kemarin hujan, jadi aku tidak pergi ke konser musik)
Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) dapat mengungkapkan kejadian atau pengandaian yang terjadi pada waktu yang berbeda. Misalnya, klausa if (anak kalimat) mengungkapkan kejadian pada waktu lampau [past), sedangkan induk kalimat mengungkapkan kejadian yang sekarang [present).
Contoh:
Conditional sentence:
If I had prepared some foods several hours ago, I would not be hungry right now. (Jika aku mempersiapkan makanan beberapa jam yang lalu, aku tidak akan lapar sekarang)
Fact:
I did not prepare some foods several hours ago so 1 am hungry right now. (Aku tidak mempersiapkan makanan beberapa jam yang lalu, jadi aku lapar sekarang).
Jika terdapat penggunaan were, had (past perfect), dan should terkadang terdapat penghilangan if.
Contoh:
Were I you, I would attend the state university entrance test.
Were I you = if I were you
Terdapat pola suatu kalimat yang mengindikasikan suatu kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence)
Contoh:
I would have come to your party, but I had to go to my sister’s wedding party. (Kalau aku tidak harus pergi ke pesta pernikahan kakakku aku pasti akan datang ke pestamu).
Catatan:
Ada kalanya di dalam suatu kalimat tidak menyebutkan klausa IF secara eksplisit. Ketika klausa if disebutkan secara eksplisit maka kalimat di atas akan menjadi : If I had not had to go to my sister’s wedding party, 1 would have come to your party.
